Welcome back 馃檪 In part one, we went over the usage of the cases- which przypadek is appropriate to use when. In this part, I will expand slightly on the usage, teaching you the questions that accompany przypadki and the endings to use in accordance.
So what do I mean by the questions? Well, when native Poles study Polish language in school, they are taught to ask themselves certain questions to help them remember which przypadek to use.
Make sure you read until the end where I’ve included a table of the endings of nouns and adjectives. In my last past, I did not really mention adjectives as to not be overwhelming but it is relatively straight forward. The adjectives used in conjuncture with nouns (for example: the young boy) will also be declined. The declensions of adjectives will be in the same case as the nouns they are accompanying but the endings will not be the same as those for nouns.
Mianownik/Nominative– kto? co?
The questions associated with the mianownik case, are kto? and co? Which respectively mean who? and what?
These questions are quite straight forward and deal with the subject of the sentence.
Kto to jest? (Who is this?) To jest Monika. (It is Monika)
Co to jest? (What is this?) To jest dywan. (It is a rug.)
Dope艂niacz/Genitive– kogo? czego?
In this case, the questions are *kogo?* and *czego?* Kogo asks *whose?* and *who?* and *czego?* again asks *what?* But the question Poles ask is kogo/czego nie ma? Which means who/what is not?
Kogo tu nie ma? (Who is not here?) Adama tu nie ma. (Adam is not here.)
Czego tu nie ma? (What is not here?) Nie ma tu jedzenia. (There is no food here.)
Celownik/Dative– komu? czemu?
The celownik case asks *komu?* and *czemu?* which mean *to/for whom?* and *why?* But in this case, czemu is used similarly to komu- to ask about a recipient but it is asking about things, animals and abstractions rather than people and can be thought about as *to/for what?*
Komu da膰 talerz? (Who should I give the plate to?) Oddaj talerz Adamowi. (Give the plate to Adam.)
Biernik/Accusative– kogo? co?
The biernik case causes a lot of confusion because it is similar in nature to the mianownik case. But the distinction is simple- in the mianownik case the who and the what are asking about the subject, in the biernik case it is asking about the who and the what as an object interacting with the subject. The question natives learn to ask is *kogo/co widz臋?* *who/what am I seeing?*
Kogo widz臋? (Who do I see?) Widz臋 Adama. (I see Adam.)
Co widz臋? (What do I see?) Widz臋 ksi膮偶k臋. (I see a book.)
Narz臋dnik/Instrumental– z kim? z czym?
Z kim? and z czym? are the questions used with the narz臋dnik case and they mean with who? and with what?
Z kim by艂e艣? (Who were you with?) By艂em z Monik膮. (I was with Monika.)
Z czym jesz kanapk臋? (What do you eat your sandwich with?) Jem kanapk臋 z szynk膮 i serem. (I eat my sandwhich with ham and cheese.)
Miejscownik/Locative– o kim? o czym?
The questions used in conjuncture with the miejscownik case are o kim and o czym? Which respectively mean about who? and about what?
O kim m贸wisz? (Who are you talking about?) M贸wimy o Adamie. (We are talking about Adam.)
O czym m贸wisz? (What are you talking about?) M贸wimy o kawie. (We are talking about coffee.)
DENCLENSION ENDINGS FOR POLISH NOUNS
| MASC. SING. | FEM. SING. | NEU. SING. | MASC. PL. | FEM. PL. | NEU. PL. | |
| MIANOWNIK | -(no end) | -a | -o/-e/-臋 | -y/-e | -y/-e | -a |
| DOPE艁NIACZ | -a/-u | -i/-y | -a | -贸w | -y | -贸w |
| CELOWNIK | -owi/-u | -e/-i/-y | -u | -om/-ym/-im | -om/-ym/-im | -om/-ym/-im |
| BIERNIK | -a/-(no end) | -臋 | -(no end) | -贸w/-y/-i | -y/-e | -a |
| NARZ臉DNIK | -em | -膮 | -em | -ami | -ami | -ami |
| MIEJSCOWNIK | -u/-e/-ie | -ie/-y/-i/-e | -u/-e/-ie | -ach | -ach | -ach |
| WO艁ACZ | -o/-u/-e | -o/-u/-i | -o/-e/-臋 | -y/-e | -y | -a |
DENCLENSION ENDINGS FOR POLISH ADJECTIVES
| MASC. SING. | FEM. SING. | NEU. SING. | MASC. PL. | FEM. PL. | NEU. PL. | |
| MIANOWNIK | -y/-i | -a/-ia | -e/-ie | -i/-y | -e/-ie | -e/-ie |
| DOPE艁NIACZ | -ego/-iego | -ej/-iej | -ego/-iego | -ych/ich | -ych/ich | -ych/-ich |
| CELOWNIK | -emu/-iemu | -ej/-iej | -emu/-iemu | -ym/-im | -ym/-im | -ym/-im |
| BIERNIK | -y/-i -ego/-iego | -膮/-i膮 | -e/-ie | -ych/-ich | -e/ie | -e/-ie |
| NARZ臉DNIK | -ym/-im | -膮/-i膮 | -ym/-im | -ymi/-imi | -ymi/-imi | -ymi/-imi |
| MIEJSCOWNIK | -ym/-im | -ej/-iej | -ym/-im | -ych/-ich | -ych/-ich | -ych/-ich |
| WO艁ACZ |